髓鞘（myelin sheath）是包裹在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞軸突外面的一層膜，即髓鞘由髓鞘細(xì)胞和細(xì)胞膜組成，是神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的質(zhì)膜沿著軸索的軸心螺旋纏繞形成的多層脂雙層結(jié)構(gòu)，髓鞘上有郎飛氏結(jié)，可使神經(jīng)沖動(dòng)跳躍傳遞。髓鞘染色在病理診斷中有一定意義，髓鞘的病理變化分為早期、中期和晚期。在早期著色較深；病變中期階段的髓鞘變性形成脂滴，可用脂質(zhì)染色加以顯示，后期徹底潰變并被吞噬細(xì)胞清除，故不再有髓鞘的陽(yáng)性結(jié)果。
      很多疾病都可以引起髓鞘的變化，Luxol Fast Blue髓鞘染色可以顯示病理情況下髓鞘是否完整、變性、壞死程度及修復(fù)情況，對(duì)神經(jīng)組織的病理診斷和研究均有意義，例如神經(jīng)纖維受損時(shí)，髓鞘可出現(xiàn)膨脹、曲折成球形、斷裂或脫鞘完全消失等改變。

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